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Genealogy US Genealogy

Using U.S. City Directories

The first city directories were published soon after the American Revolution. Starting with the Macpherson’s Directory for the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia, published November 16th, 1785. Most comprehensive city directory archives will run from 1822 until 1960. They were initially formed by salesmen and craftsmen as a way to contact local residents and potential customers. They were often created yearly which makes them a great resource for tracking your ancestor year by year. Once you have found your ancestors in the directory don’t forget to check google maps, the house may still be there!

What Information Can You Find in U.S. City Directories? 

Most directories start with an introductory section which includes information about the local area, maps, ward boundaries and transportation to name a few. How much information it contains depends on the size of the local area. 

City directories are a lot more than just name and addresses, they can include a wealth of information, such as:

  • Occupations
  • Spouse names (and whether they are a widow)
  • Staff members at local schools and universities
  • Social service staff at fire & police departments
  • City & county officials, including court & federal officers
  • Street guides & ward boundaries
  • Summary of local history
  • Population count of local area
  • Local churches and names of clergy
  • Cemeteries
  • Hospitals, orphanages & homes
  • Lodges & social organisations
  • Newspapers, ads & publications
  • Business directory

Where Can I Find U.S. City Directories?

Local libraries are a great source and often have a catalog going back many decades, they can sometimes be online, so it is worth checking the website for your local library. Other places may include historical and genealogical societies.

Directories available digitally online, including a number of free resources;

8 TOP TIPS to get you started

  • If you can’t find the directory needed at your public library or digitally online, check WorldCat to see what other libraries have it.
  • Don’t overlook the front of the directory for abbreviations used throughout.
  • There can be many alphabetical lists in one book depending on the area, so if you don’t find what you are looking for check further on.
  • If you know your ancestors occupation then don’t forget to check the local business listings.
  • Browse the directory by surname. Make sure you review the entire list of people with the same surname of your ancestor. You could find family living in the same area.
  • Keep in mind the date of the directory, e.g. 1910 will show where your ancestors lived in 1909.
  • Be aware of address changes, streets renamed or ward changes.
  • Can’t find a directory for your small town? Check the nearest town or city as smaller places may be included there.

Common directory abbreviations include:

Ab. – above (means the person could live above a store or business)  

Bd. or Bds. – boards (means the person is a lodger or boarder at the address)  

Emp. – employee  

Opp. – location opposite from an address  

Prop. – proprietor  

W. or wd. – widow or widower

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